UNDP-多层次治理环境下可持续发展目标本地化的制度化：印度的经验教训（英）-2024-8页

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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

February 2024

Institutionalizing SDG Localization

inMulti‑LevelGovernanceSettings:

Lessons from India

by Dennis Curry, Meenakshi Kathel and Soumya Guha1

India has made a policy choice to prioritize the institutionalization of the SDGs, not

to look at sustainable development as a standalone or parallel framework but to

make them an integral part of the national thinking about development. This Indian

model of SDG localization is built around four foundational pillars: (i) creating

institutional ownership; (ii) driving competition through collaborative competition;

(iii) building capacities; (iv) adopting a whole-of-society approach. Given that under

the Constitution of India, most of the responsibility for SDG themes lies with sub-

national governments and that their combined expenditure spending is often more

than that of the central government, the 28 states and eight union territories (UTs)

play a pivotal role in delivering the agenda.2 This brief presents successes and

challenges from India’s SDG localization model, framed around four key insights

that can inform eorts elsewhere to support the acceleration of the SDG agenda

at the sub-national level.

The Indian SDG Localization Model

With a population now exceeding 1.4 billion, India

will play a leading role in determining the relative

success or failure of the SDGs. Pro-poor policies

have yielded results, with India lifting 415 million

people out of multidimensional poverty in the last

15 years.3 Nevertheless, in absolute terms, India

has the highest number of multi-dimensionally poor

(228 million) in the world, and a recent Lancet study

assessed that India is not on target for 19 out of 33

SDG indicators measuring nine of the goals.4

Despite the scale and complexity of the national

context, along with a challenging global backdrop

where human development saw the ﬁrst recorded

two-year decline since it was ﬁrst measured in

1990,5 the government at central, state and local

levels has driven an ambitious agenda of SDG

UNDP Global Policy Network Brief

©Tom Pietrasik

DEVELOPMENT

FUTURES SERIES

DEVELOPMENT FUTURES SERIES

UNDP Global Policy Network Brief

localization. The fourth iteration of a national SDG

index6 will soon be released. A regional index for

the northeast is being used to guide development

spending totaling US$825 million. Various models

have been applied in dierent states, such as in

Haryana, where budgets have been increasingly

linked to the SDGs, with two thirds of the current

budget (equating to $14.6 billion) mapped to the

framework.

The Government of India has clearly assigned

responsibilities for delivering on the SDGs, following

a ‘whole-of-the-government’ approach. At the

centre, NITI Aayog, which replaced the National

Planning Commission in 2015, is the government’s

apex body for designing long-term policies,

programmes and strategies, and plays a pivotal

role in localizing the SDGs. It fosters cooperative

federalism and healthy competition among states

through collaborative eorts and comparative

rankings. This model of ‘collaborative competition’,

supported by regularly publishing comparative

rankings on SDG progress, has generated

momentum among sub-national governments. The

National Statistics Oce is responsible for preparing

the National Indicator Framework and supporting

state governments7 in aligning it with their speciﬁc

realities. More recently, the Ministry of Panchayati

Raj (local government) has also adopted the SDG

framework and prepared guidelines to ensure

that local-level plans are aligned with the SDGs.8

Oversight is provided by the parliament and the

Comptroller and Auditor General.

Sub-national governments have a key role in the

localization of the SDGs, particularly in critical

sectors like public health and sanitation, agriculture

and industry. Operating under the oversight of

state legislatures, they facilitate the varied and

targeted approaches demanded by India’s diverse

characteristics.9 State governments spearheaded

the adoption of the SDGs by preparing SDG vision

documents,10 and some states have extended the

indicator framework to district and block levels and

aligned their budgets with the SDGs.

Such multi-layered application of the SDGs is now

articulated by NITI Aayog as the Indian Model of

SDG Localization.11

Figure 1: National and Sub-National Institutional Framework for SDG Localization in India

Comptroller and Auditor

General: Review of preparedness

to deliver on the SDGs

National Sub-National

Line ministries: SDG sectoral

policy design, scheme

formulation, monitoring

• Ministry of Statistics &

Programme Implementation:

SDG data focal point

• Ministry of Panchayati Raj:

Focal point for localization at

the village level

Parliament:

Provides

oversight

NITI Aayog: Agenda setting,

coordination, monitoring and

overall supervision

State legislature:

Provides oversight

Directorate of Economics and

Statistics: SDG data focal

point

Planning Department: Nodal

department for SDG

coordination and monitoring

Line departments: Sectoral

schemes implementation and

monitoring

Training and resource

institutions, experts

High-level committee chaired by

Chief Secretary: SDG guidance,

policy design, review, monitoring

Source: Adapted from ‘The Indian Model of SDG Localisation’, NITI Aayog (July 2022).

DEVELOPMENT FUTURES SERIES

UNDP Global Policy Network Brief

Insights

Insight 1: A clear institutional architecture is a

prerequisite for SDG localization: dedicated SDG

cells established within government departments

help to convene, coordinate and advise.

In India, there is a strong legacy of sub-national

Human Development Reports (HDRs),12 including in

planning, statistics and budget capacities. Without

institutional mechanisms to drive systematic

follow-up, the actions advocated for in the HDRs

often lacked a clear roadmap for implementation,

particularly for cross-sectoral issues that require

integrated approaches.13 But the approach did lay

a helpful foundation for the transition to the SDG

framework.

Since its establishment in 2015, NITI Aayog has

followed a think-tank approach and encouraged

states to develop their vision documents with 2030

as the horizon. This has provided the states with

a unifying framework and fostered ownership of

the 2030 Agenda by mandating that long-term

visions, strategies and budgets align with the

SDGs. The SDGs were also promoted by state

senior leadership, enabling collaboration among

traditionally siloed departments. This policy

context fostered demand for UNDP to support

the institutionalization of the SDGs through the

establishment of SDG coordination centres.

UNDP India support to SDG coordination centres

SDG coordination centres were designed to deliver an integrated approach to contemporary

development challenges under the framework of the 2030 Agenda. Centres are now established in

Haryana, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, with a combined population

of 420 million people. The centres are funded through state-level budgets, promoting ownership and

accountability. They are integrated within the traditional planning departments and have a dual purpose

of supporting localization and transforming the planning process.

For instance, in the northern state of Uttarakhand,

the centre has facilitated the development of a

Sustainable Development Roadmap aligned

with the SDGs, encompassing short-, medium-

and long-term goals.14 This state-level vision

is complemented by village, block and district

‘Panchayat Development Plans’, bringing the

framework to the ground level.

The SDG coordination centres have successfully

institutionalized SDG-oriented monitoring,

providing valuable input for states to course-

correct and for ﬁnance departments to develop

SDG-linked budgets. However, SDG structures

and focal points are also required in all

departments to leverage the role of the centres

and ensure that their inﬂuence extends beyond

the planning department.

The experience of SDG coordination centres

demonstrates the signiﬁcance of an institutional

architecture centred around an empowered anchor

entity responsible for convening, coordinating and

advising. This anchor entity must have a ‘bird’s-eye

view’ of the current situation across all dimensions

of SDGs—economic, social and environmental15—

and strategic foresight on macro and intersecting

risks that can hamper future development gains.

The centres act as secretariats to the political

leadership for action on the SDGs, providing critical

analysis to guide actions concerning the macro

perspective. Additionally, they can function as a

platform where stakeholders can come together

and work across sectors.

Figure 2: Uttarakhand Vision 2030 and

Guidance on SDG Monitoring at the

Subnational Level by Ministry of Statistics and

Programme Implementation

UTTARAKHAND

Vision 2030

UTTARAKHAND Vision 2030

Department of Planning

Government of Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand was created in the year 2000 as a

state to give voice to the aspirations of the

people in the hills. After achieving high growth

rate particularly in the recent years, it looks

ahead towards sustained development in the

future. Based on the Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) framed by the United Nations, this

document Uttarakhand: Vision 2030 lays out the

future roadmap for the state of Uttarakhand. It

outlines the vision for the SDGs and sets out

periodic targets appropriate for the state up till

2030 along with a strategy to achieve them. The

overall Vision 2030 for the state is to transform the

Uttarakhand economy into a prosperous, healthy

state such that the people are educated and

gainfully employed in an equitable society, synergy

is enhanced between the environment and the

inhabitants, and that the development process is

sustainable and inclusive.

Uttarakhand

Government

Government of India

Ministry of Statistics and Programme

Implementation

National Statistical Office

Guidance on

Monitoring

Framework for

SDGs at sub

national level

March, 2022

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