世界银行-中东北非地区社会契约及其数字化转型的实证分析（英）-2023.5-54页

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P R W P 10455

An Empirical Analysis of the Social Contract

in the Middle East and North Africa

Region and the Role of Digitalization

in Its Transformation

Farid Gasmi

Dorgyles C. M. Kouakou

Paul Noumba Um

Pedro Rojas Milla

Middle East and North Africa Region

Infrastructure Department

May 2023

Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized

Produced by the Research Support Team

Abstract

e Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the ndings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development

issues. An objective of the series is to get the ndings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. e papers carry the

names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. e ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those

of the authors. ey do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and

its aliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

P R W P 10455

is paper presents an empirical application and analysis

of the social contract in countries in the Middle East and

North Africa. e paper suggests a simple operational model

that synthesizes a social contract’s three main characteristics:

participation, protection, and provision, between a gov-

ernment and its citizens. is empirical “3-P” framework

allows investigating the role that government provision

and protection may have on citizen participation, which

is particularly pertinent given the political and economic

development of countries in the Middle East and North

Africa. e paper compares the evaluation of the health

of the social contract in countries in the Middle East and

North Africa region to that of countries in the Organisa-

tion for Economic Co-operation and Development. e

empirical evidence shows that the social benets provided

to citizens through improved delivery of basic services have

come at the cost of impaired political participation. is

feature of the social contract in the Middle East and North

Africa may be considered one of the root causes of the social

turmoil some countries have been struggling with in recent

decades. Digital transformation is a potentially powerful

channel through which the relationship between govern-

ment and citizens can improve, and the paper nds that it

has a three-year lagged positive eect on the quality of the

social contract in the Middle East and North Africa and

the eect is inversely U-shaped. is suggests that structural

and institutional improvements are needed in countries

in the Middle East and North Africa for the quality of

their social contract to reach levels comparable to those of

countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation

and Development.

is paper is a product of the Infrastructure Department, Middle East and North Africa Region. It is part of a larger eort

by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions

around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web at http://www.worldbank.org/prwp. e

authors may be contacted at pnoumbaum@worldbank.org, farid.gasmi@tse-fr.eu.

An Empirical Analysis of the Social Contract in the Middle East and North

Africa

Region and the Role of Digitalization in Its Transformation+

Farid GASMIa, Dorgyles C.M. KOUAKOUb, Paul NOUMBA UMc, and Pedro ROJAS MILLAa

Keywords: Development, social contract, digital transformation, MENA, OECD.

JEL classification codes: L96, L97, O10.

The authors would like to thank José Aurazo and Samathan Metevier for insightful suggestions, and Radia Bacha

for help with locating some of the data used in this paper. Farid Gasmi acknowledges funding from the French

National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future (Investissements d'Avenir) program, grant

ANR-17-EURE-0010. The views expressed are only ours and do not necessarily reflect those of the institutions we

are affiliated with.

a Toulouse School of Economics, Université Toulouse Capitole, farid.gasmi@tse-fr.eu and pedro.rojas-milla@ut-

capitole.fr.

b Grenoble Applied Economics Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes and The World Bank,

dkouakou@worldbank.org.

c The World Bank, pnoumbaum@worldbank.org.

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标签： #中东 #银行 #数字化转型

摘要：

PRWP10455AnEmpiricalAnalysisoftheSocialContractintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionandtheRoleofDigitalizationinItsTransformationFaridGasmiDorgylesC.M.KouakouPaulNoumbaUmPedroRojasMillaMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionInfrastructureDepartmentMay2023PublicDisclosureAuthorizedPublicDi...

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